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| Multi-scale synergy and trade-off relationship between ecological functions of soil and water conservation in northern Shaanxi |
| AN Li1,2, SHEN Lei1,2,3,4, ZHONG Shuai1,2,3, CHENG Xuping5 |
1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, 100101, Beijing, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, 101149, Beijing, China;
4. Shaanxi Institute of Geological Survey, 710054, Xi'an, China;
5. Strategic Research Center of Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, 100860, Beijing, China |
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Abstract [Background] Clarifying the synergy/trade-off relationship between different ecosystem services is a vital prerequisite for implementing ecological restoration. Soil conservation and water conservation, as two important ecosystem services, have complex interaction under the intervention of environmental change and human activities. Northern Shaanxi, which is located in the middle of the Loess Plateau with fragile ecological environment, was one of the most serious soil and water loss area in China before the Grain for Green Project. However, it is insufficient in existing studies on synergy or trade-off relationship between the two ecological services at a multi-scale geographical level, such as different land types, soil types and slope classification.[Methods] Based on remote sensing images, meteorological station monitoring data and soil texture survey data, a hybrid method of revised universal soil loss equation, water balance model, spatial statistical mapping, partial correlation analysis was put forward to calculate the amount of ecosystem soil conservation and water conservation services in northern Shaanxi in 2000, 2010 and 2018, as well as the multi-scale spatiotemporal characteristics of their synergy/trade-off relationships. The effects of different driving factors on the synergy/trade-off relationships were also analyzed.[Results] The soil conservation and water conservation services in northern Shaanxi increased by 4.8% and 2.3%, respectively, from 2000 to 2018. Relationships between soil conservation and water conservation mainly turned out to be synergetic, and the synergy was getting enhanced. On the watershed scale, the soil conservation and water conservation in the main stream area of the Yellow River, the inner flow area of Ordos and Beiluo river basin were synergistic, while relationships between the two services in Tuwei river basin and Jialu river basin were trade-off. The replacement of farmland to forestland and grassland was conducive to the coordinated improvement of ecological soil conservation and water conservation services. The synergy of soil conservation and water conservation increased in areas with a slope of more than 25°, while the synergy remained unchanged or decreased slightly in areas with a slope of 6°-25°. Synergy of the two ecological services in loam and clay soil areas was higher than that in sandy soil and clay areas. The influence of improved vegetation cover to the synergy between two functions was ‘Inverted U-shape’, while the effect of rainfall increase on synergy turned out to be weak promotion.[Conclusions] Driven by different factors, ecological soil conservation and water conservation functions have complex synergy/trade-off relationships on multiple scales. Vegetation restoration and land use structure amelioration are conducive to improve the synergy of soil conservation and water conservation services. The future vegetation construction in northern Shaanxi should be carried out within the range of local water resources carrying capacity, in order to strengthen the synergy of ecosystem soil conservation and water conservation. The evaluation results may provide reference for ecosystem protection and governance in Northern Shaanxi.
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Received: 28 March 2022
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