|
|
|
| Influence of types and depths of substrates on hydrological performances of green roofs |
| GE De, ZHANG Shouhong |
| School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract [Background] The rapid development of urbanization has increased the impervious surfaces of cities, which has caused serious problems such as flooding. Green roofs, as one of the common practices for the Sponge City construction, have been increasingly gaining popularity in urban stormwater management and ecosystem restoration.[Methods] Based on observations of rainfall-runoff processes of 22 rainfall events on 6 Sedum lineare green roofs located in Beijing with 3 types (i.e., local planting soil, engineered soil, and light growing medium) and 2 depths (i.e., 10 cm and 15 cm) of substrates in 2017, the influence of types and depths of substrates on the runoff management performances of green roofs were analyzed using runoff reduction rate, peak discharge reduction rate, and delayed times in runoff generation and peak discharge as the stormwater management performance indices.[Results] The average runoff and peak discharge reduction rates, and average delayed timein runoff generation on the local planting soil and engineered soil green roofs were all lower than that of light growing medium green roofs. The average runoff reduction rates of light growing medium, local planting soil, engineered soil and green roofs were 82.2%、88.4%, and 89.4%, respectively, the average peak discharge reduction rates were 55.9%,65.6%, and 63.9%, respectively, the average delayed time in runoff generation were 48.8, 106.2, and 163.9 min, respectively. However, the local planting soil was not recommended to be used as green roof substrate because of its high bulk density and poor hydraulic conductivity. The hydrologic performances of green roofs with 15 cm depth of all 3 types of substrates were higher than that of the green roofs with 10 cm depth of corresponding substrates. The impacts of types and depths of substrates on the hydrological performance of green roofs changed with rainfall conditions. For the 11 rainfall events <10 mm, the 6 green roofs did not show obvious difference in hydrological performances, with all the runoff reduction rates of them greater than 95%. For the rainfall events larger than 10 mm, however, the hydrological performances of green roofs with local planting soil and engineered soil as substrates were better than that of the light growing medium green roofs. For rainfall events >10 mm, increasing the depth of substrate layers from 10 cm to 15 cm for all the three types of substrates could significantly improve the runoff mangement performances of green roofs (P<0.05).[Conclusions] Engineered soil and local planting soil were more excellent than light growing medium in runoff reduction rates, peak discharge reduction rates and delayed time in runoff generation. The hydrologic performances on green roofs with 15 cm depth were higher than that on the green roofs with 10 cm depth. The results of this experiment provide scientific references for the hydrologic design and performance evaluation of green roofs in cities of northern China.
|
|
Received: 17 May 2018
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [1] |
张建云, 宋晓猛, 王国庆,等. 变化环境下城市水文学的发展与挑战:Ⅰ.城市水文效应[J]. 水科学进展, 2014, 25(4):594. ZHANG Jianyun, SONG Xiaomeng, WANG Guoqing, et al. Development and challenges of urban hydrology in a changing environment:I:Hydrological response to urbanization[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2014, 25(4):594.
|
| [2] |
王书敏, 何强, 张峻华,等. 绿色屋顶径流氮磷浓度分布及赋存形态[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(12):3691. WANG Shumin, HE Qiang, ZHANG Junhua, et al. The concentrations distribution and composition of nitrogen and phosphor in stormwater runoff from green roofs[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(12):3691.
|
| [3] |
李兰, 李锋. "海绵城市"建设的关键科学问题与思考[J]. 生态学报, 2018, 38(7):2599. LI Lan, LI Feng. The key scientific issues and thinking on the construction of "Sponge City"[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(7):2599.
|
| [4] |
BERNDTSSON J C. Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality:A review[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2010, 36(4):351.
|
| [5] |
陈小平, 黄佩, 周志翔,等. 绿色屋顶径流调控研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(8):2581. CHEN Xiaoping,HUANG Pei,ZHOU Zhixiang, et al. A review of green roof performance towards management of roof runoff[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(8):2581.
|
| [6] |
葛德, 张守红. 不同降雨条件下植被对绿色屋顶径流调控效益影响[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(11):5015. GE De, ZHANG Shouhong. Impacts of vegetation on hydrological performances of green roofs under different rainfall conditions[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(11):5015.
|
| [7] |
CARSON T B, MARASCO D E, CULLIGAN P J, et al. Hydrological performance of extensive green roofs in New York City:Observations and multi-year modeling of three full-scale systems[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2013, 8(2):024036.
|
| [8] |
BENGTSSON L, OLSSON J, GRAHN L. Hydrological function of a thin extensive green roof in southern Sweden[J]. Nordic Hydrology, 2005, 36(3):259.
|
| [9] |
JIM C Y, TSANG S W. Ecological energetics of tropical intensive green roof[J]. Energy & Buildings, 2011, 43(10):2696.
|
| [10] |
ZHANG X, SHEN L, TAM V W Y, et al. Barriers to implement extensive green roof systems:A Hong Kong study[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(1):314.
|
| [11] |
MENTENS J, RAES D, HERMY M. Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century?[J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2006, 77(3):217.
|
| [12] |
OBERNDORFER E, LUNDHOLM J, BASS B, et al. Green roofs as urban ecosystems:Ecological structures, functions, and services[J]. Bioscience, 2007, 57(10):823.
|
| [13] |
FANG C F. Evaluating the thermal reduction effect of plant layers on rooftops[J]. Energy & Buildings, 2008, 40(6):1048.
|
| [14] |
BRENNEISEN S. Green roofs-how nature returns to the city[J]. Acta Horticulturae, 2004(643):289.
|
| [15] |
邵天然, 李超骕, 曾辉. 城市屋顶绿化资源潜力评估及绿化策略分析:以深圳市福田中心区为例[J]. 生态学报, 2012, 32(15):4852. SHAO Tianran,LI Chaosu,ZENG Hui. Resource potential assessment of urban roof greening and development strategies:A case study in Futian central district,Shenzhen,China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(15):4852.
|
| [16] |
PALLA A, GNECCO I, LANZA L G. Unsaturated 2D modelling of subsurface water flow in the coarse-grained porous matrix of a green roof[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 379(1):193
|
| [17] |
NAGASE A, DUNNETT N. Amount of water runoff from different vegetation types on extensive green roofs:Effects of plant species, diversity and plant structure[J]. Landscape & Urban Planning, 2012, 104(3/4):356.
|
| [18] |
COLLI M, PALLA A, LANZA L G, et al. Hydrologic performance of green-roof systems from a laboratory test-bed[C]. WGRC 2010-World Green Roof Congress, 2010.
|
| [19] |
VANWOERT N D, ROWE D B, ANDRESEN J A, et al. Green roof stormwater retention:Effects of roof surface, slope, and media depth[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2005, 34(3):1036
|
| [20] |
GRACESON A, HARE M, MONAGHAN J, et al. The water retention capabilities of growing media for green roofs[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2013, 61(8):328.
|
| [21] |
YIO M H, STOVIN V, WERDIN J, et al. Experimental analysis of green roof substrate detention characteristics[C]. Water Science & Technology, 2013, 68(7):1477.
|
| [22] |
HATHAWAY A M, HUNT W F, JENNINGS G D. A field study of green roof hydrologic and water quality performance[J]. Transactions of the ASABE, 2008, 51(1):37.
|
| [23] |
翟丹丹, 宫永伟, 张雪,等. 简单式绿色屋顶雨水径流滞留效果的影响因素[J]. 中国给水排水, 2015(11):106. ZHAI Dandan, GONG Yongwei,ZHANG Xue, et al. Influence factors of extensive green roof on stormwater runoff retention performance[J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2015(11):106.
|
| [24] |
唐莉华, 倪广恒, 刘茂峰,等. 绿化屋顶的产流规律及雨水滞蓄效果模拟研究[J]. 水文, 2011, 31(4):18. TANG Lihua, NI Guangheng, LIU Maofeng, et al. Study on runoff and rainwater retention capacityof green roof by experiment and model simulation[J]. Journal of China Hydrology, 2011, 31(4):18.
|
| [25] |
CARTER T L, RASMUSSEN T C. Hydrologic behavior of vegetated roofs[J]. Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2010, 42(5):1261.
|
| [26] |
PALLA A, SANSALONE J J, GNECCO I, et al. Storm water infiltration in a monitored green roof for hydrologic restoration[J]. Water Science & Technology, 2011, 64(3):766.
|
| [27] |
SHE N, PANG J. Physically Based Green Roof Model[J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2010, 15(6):458.
|
| [28] |
ZHANG S, GUO Y. Analytical probabilistic model for evaluating the hydrologic performance of green roofs[J]. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 2013, 18(1):19.
|
| [29] |
STOVIN V, POÃ S, BERRETTA C. A modelling study of long term green roof retention performance[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 131:206.
|
| [30] |
王书敏, 李兴扬, 张峻华,等. 城市区域绿色屋顶普及对水量水质的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(7):2026. WANG Shumin, LI Xingyang, ZHANG Junhua, et al. Influence of green roof application on water quantity and quality in urban region[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(7):2026.
|
| [31] |
王敏. 绿色屋顶的雨水管理效能研究[J]. 中国城市林业, 2011, 9(3):53. WANG Min. A study of green roof efficiency in rainwater management[J]. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 2011, 9(3):53.
|
| [32] |
RAZZAGHMANESH M, BEECHAM S. The hydrological behaviour of extensive and intensive green roofs in a dry climate[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 499:284.
|
| [33] |
WANG X, TIAN Y, ZHAO X, et al. Hydrological performance of dual-substrate-layer green roofs using porous inert substrates with high sorption capacities[J]. Water Science & Technology, 2017, 75(12):2829.
|
| [34] |
STOVIN V, VESUVIANO G, KASMIN H. The hydrological performance of a green roof test bed under UK climatic conditions[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 414(2):148.
|
| [35] |
JING Xue'er, ZHANG Shouhong, ZHANG Jianjun, et al. Assessing efficiency and economic viability of rainwater harvesting systems for meeting non-potable water demands in four climatic zones of China[J]. Resources Conservation & Recycling, 2017, 126:74.
|
| [36] |
张建军, 张守红. 水土保持与荒漠化防治实验研究方法[M]. 北京:中国林业出版社, 2017:65. ZHANG Jianjun, ZHANG Shouhong. Experimental research methodology of soil and water conservation & desertification control[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House, 2017:65.
|
| [37] |
GB/T 50009-2012. 建筑结构荷载规范[M]. 北京:中华人民共和国建设部, 2012.15. GB/T 50009-2012. Load code for the design of building structures[M]. Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press, 2012.15.
|
| [38] |
STOVIN V, POË S, DE-VILLE S, et al. The influence of substrate and vegetation configuration on green roof hydrological performance[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2015, 85:159.
|
| [39] |
SOULIS K X, NTOULAS N, NEKTARIOS P A, et al. Runoff reduction from extensive green roofs having different substrate depth and plant cover[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2017, 102:80.
|
| [40] |
CHEN C F. Performance evaluation and development strategies for green roofs in Taiwan:A review[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2013, 52(2):51.
|
|
|
|
