Based on the 1956—2010 meteorological data of the Yanhe River Basin, the variation tendency and distribution feature of precipitation, runoff and sediment were studied. The relationship among the precipitation, runoff and sediment were also studied with ordinary least square regression (OLSR) and quantile regression (QR), respectively. The results showed that, from 1956 to 2010, the annual precipitation, runoff and sediment load exhibited a significant downward trend in the study area, the time data had fluctuations in different stages and some outliers existed. The OLSR could describe the average correlation among the precipitation, runoff and sediment. However, when the data are skewed, outliers or data changed greatly, and the OLSR analysis is restricted. QR is more suitable for actual meteorological and hydrological data, and particularly it could better express their relationships in high quantiles and accurately reflect more local information. According to our analysis, the quantile regression as a new method for river runoff and sediment dynamic analysis can reflect the relationship between water and sediment more accurately and objectively.