Evaluation of rocky desertification degree in karst peak cluster depression based on machine learning
ZHANG Yali1, TIAN Yichao1,2, WANG Donghua3
1. School of Resources and Environment, Beibu Gulf University, 535011, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Geographic Information Resources Development and Utilization in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, 535011, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China; 3. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 541004, Guilin, Guangxi, China
Abstract：[Background] Rocky desertification (RD) has become one of the most serious ecological and environmental problems in karst areas. The ecological environmental security problems such as soil erosion caused by rocky desertification have seriously affected people's living environment and sustainable development. Accurately evaluating rocky desertification is the key to implementing soil and water conservation projects, and ecological projects in karst areas. The study is aimed to compare the performance of seven different optimization algorithms machine-learning models so as to assess the degree of rocky desertification and then invert the spatial and temporal distribution of rocky desertification in a typical peak cluster depression basin in Southwest Guangxi by selecting the optimal model. [Methods] Based on Boruta, the Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) feature selection method, Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm, Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithm, Difference Evolution (DE) algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) were used to adjust the super parameters of Support Vector Machine (SVM) model for assessing the extent of rocky desertification, using Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data, topographic data, and meteorological data from 2001 to 2020 as well as the field survey data in 2020. [Results] 1) The bare rock rate and fractional vegetation coverage played an important role in assessing the degree of rocky desertification, followed by slope. 2) As shown by comparative analyses of three feature selection methods, the feature set constructed by Boruta had the best dimension reduction effect and the highest accuracy. 3) Seven intelligent optimization algorithms could effectively assist in the super parameter optimization of SVM. In addition, the accuracy of the optimization models, in descending order, were PSO-SVM, FA-SVM, GSA-SVM, CS-SVM, ABC-SVM, WOA-SVM, and DE-SVM. The corresponding overall accuracy values were 96.2%, 95.4%, 95.4%, 93.1%, 93.1%, 93.1% and 93.1%, and the Kappa coefficients were 0.95, 0.93, 0.93, 0.90, 0.90, 0.90 and 0.90, respectively. 4) In terms of spatial variation, in the early study period (2001-2010), severe rocky desertification and extremely severe rocky desertification accounted for large areas. However, from 2011 to 2020, the degree of rocky desertification was contained, and the extremely severe rocky desertification was scattered in small areas. [Conclusions] Generally speaking, the rocky desertification in the study area demonstrates a positive trend of improvement. The optimization algorithm and support vector machine have a good prospect for assessing rocky desertification in peak cluster depression basins. In short, this result may provide data support for the control of rocky desertification and the implementation of soil and water conservation plans in the karst area of the peak cluster depression in Southwest Guangxi.
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2023, Vol. 21 
