Soil erodibility for wind erosion: A critical review
GAO Guanglei1,2, YIN Xiaolin3, DING Guodong1,2, ZHAO Yuanyuan1,2, SUN Guili4, WANG Long1,2
1. School of Soil and Water Conservation, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China; 2. Yanchi Ecology Research Station of the Mu Us Desert, 751500, Yanchi, Ningxia, China; 3. China Institute of Water Resource and Hydropower Research, 100038, Beijing, China; 4. College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultureal University, 830052, Urumqi, China
Abstract:[Background] Wind erodibility, which symbolizes the resistance of soil to the erosion by wind, is an important foundation for a variety of erosion models. It is well acknowledged that studies on it could effectively help deepen the understanding about erosion prevention and desertification combating. Globally plenty of empirical models have been put forward to evaluate soil wind erodibility, which have doubtlessly provided great conveniences. However, there are still some critical issues remaining unclear with respect to its mechanical properties, quantitative evaluation, dynamic characteristics, etc. In order to systematically discuss the limitations above, here we summarized relevant results and conclusions to knit the framework, aiming at promoting the developments in exploring the mechanisms of wind erodibility.[Methods] All selected references were from CNKI, ScienceDirect, Springer and other domestic and international databases with the keywords of "wind erosion" and "wind erodibility". Based on the high-frequency vocabulary of references, combined with the focus of current research, this paper mainly reviewed the research progress of wind erodibility from three aspects:Concept and connotation, quantitative evaluation, and dynamic characteristics.[Results] 1) Essence and connotation of wind erodibility. Wind erodibility now is generally defined as the sensitivity of soil to wind erosion, which is insufficiently precise to describe its essence. And from the perspective of erosion dynamics, mechanics property of wind erodibility is of great importance. Thus, it is highly recommended that mechanics property should be considered to accurately depict the resistant capacity of soil to wind erosion, so that providing the guide for its quantitative evaluation further. 2) Key indices and quantitative assessment. Wind erodibility is dominated by soil intrinsic features. Thus, many different soil indices including soil organic matter (SOM), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), particle size distribution (PSD), etc are proposed to evaluate wind erodibility quantitatively. However, the assembly of these indices tend to be intricate, in which each one of them could only represent a partial appraisal system, but not an integrated one. Therefore, it is an urgent and imperative task to figure out how to distinguish and combine the function of different soil indices, to establish a comprehensive equation in assessing wind erodibility, which could be more reasonable, convenient, and ubiquitous. 3) Modeling in consideration of dynamic characteristics. Wind erodibility could vary followed the change of climate and anthropogenic activities. However, the influencing factors, driving mechanism and key processes of wind erodibility are still unclear, and the dynamic characteristics of wind erodibility are not included in the basic framework of the model. Therefore, the quantitative model of wind erodibility should be modified to improve the calculation accuracy of wind erodibility and wind erosion.[Conclusions] This improved information will be essential to make a better understanding on technical know-how of the limitations and disadvantages in wind erodibility, providing new references for relative researchers and guiding consecutive developments and progresses.
刘昀东, 高广磊, 丁国栋, 等. 风蚀荒漠化地区土壤质量演变特征研究进展[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 41(5):161. LIU Yundong, GAO Guanglei, DING Guodong, et al. Soil quality in wind erosion desertified regions:A review[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2017, 41(5):161.
[4]
董治宝, 吕萍. 70年来中国风沙地貌学的发展[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(3):509. DONG Zhibao, LÜ Ping. Development of aeolian geomorphology in China in the past 70 years[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(3):509.
[5]
ZHAO Y, GAO G L, ZHANG Y, et al. Aeolian sediment fingerprinting in the Cuona Lake Section along the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020(261):121233.
[6]
de ORO L A, COLAZO J C, BUSCHIAZZO D E. RWEQ-Wind erosion predictions for variable soil roughness conditions[J]. Aeolian Research, 2016, 20:139.
[7]
陈宇轩, 丁国栋, 高广磊, 等. 呼伦贝尔沙地风沙土有机质和碳酸钙含量特征[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2019, 17(4):104. CHEN Yuxuan, DING Guodong, GAO Guanglei, et al. Characteristics of organic matter and calcium carbonate of aeolian soils in Hulun Buir Sandy Land[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, 17(4):104.
[8]
邹学勇, 张春来, 程宏, 等. 土壤风蚀模型中的影响因子分类与表达[J]. 地球科学进展, 2014, 29(8):875. ZOU Xueyong, ZHANG Chunlai, CHENG Hong, et al. Classification and representation of factors affecting soil wind erosion in a model[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2014, 29(8):875.
[9]
BAGNOLD R A. The physics of blown sand and desert dunes[M]. New York:Dover Publications, 1941:10.
[10]
CHEPIL W S. Measurement of wind erosiveness of soils by the dry sieving procedure[J]. Scientific Agriculture, 1942, 23(3):154.
[11]
WEBB N P, STRONG C L. Soil erodibility dynamics and its representation for wind erosion and dust emission models[J]. Aeolian Research, 2011, 3(2), 165.
[12]
WEBB N P, MCGOWAN H A. Approaches to modeling land erodibility by wind[J]. Progress in Physical Geography, 2009, 33(5):587.
[13]
郑子成, 张锡洲, 李廷轩, 等. 玉米生长期土壤抗蚀性特征及其影响因素分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(4):100. ZHENG Zicheng, ZHANG Xizhou, LI Tingxuan, et al. Soil anti-erodibility and analysis of its influencing factors during growing stages of maize[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2014, 30(4):100.
[14]
翟子宁, 苏备. 土壤可蚀性研究进展[J]. 土壤通报, 2016, 47(1):253. ZHAI Zining, SU Bei. Research progress on soil erodibility[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2016, 47(1):253.
[15]
SONG Yang, LIU Lianyou, YAN Ping, et al. A review of soil erodibility in water and wind erosion research[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2005, 15(2):167.
[16]
南岭, 杜灵通, 展秀丽. 土壤风蚀可蚀性研究进展[J]. 土壤, 2014, 46(2):204. NAN Ling, DU Lingtong, ZHAN Xiuli. Advances in study on soil erodibility for wind erosion[J]. Soils, 2014, 46(2):204.
[17]
CHEPIL W S. Properties of soil which influence wind erosion:Ⅱ Dry aggregate structure as an index of erodibility[J]. Soil Science, 1950, 69(5):403.
[18]
CHEPIL W S. Properties of soil which influence wind erosion:Ⅲ. Effect of apparent density on erodibility[J]. Soil Science, 1951, 71(2):141.
[19]
CHEPIL W S. Improved rotary sieve for measuring state and stability of dry soil structure[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1952, 16(2):113.
[20]
CHEPIL W S. Factors that influence clod structure and erodibility of soil by wind:III. Calcium carbonate and decomposed organic matter[J]. Soil Science, 1954, 77(6):473.
[21]
CHEPIL W S. Factors that influence clod structure and erodibility of soil by wind:IV. Sand, silt, and clay[J]. Soil Science, 1955, 80(2):155.
[22]
朱震达, 刘恕, 肖龙山. 草原地带沙漠化环境的特征及其治理的途径:以内蒙乌兰察布草原为例[J]. 中国沙漠, 1981, 1(1):6. ZHU Zhenda, LIU Shu, XIAO Longshan. The characteristics of environment vulnerable to desertification and the ways of its control in steppe zone:Taking the Inner Mongolian Ulan Chap Steppe as an example[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1981, 1(1):6.
[23]
GILLETTE D A, ADAMS J, MUHS D, et al. Threshold friction velocities and rupture moduli for crusted desert soils for the input of soil particles into the air[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 1982, 87(C11):9003.
[24]
SKIDMORE E L, POWERS D H. Dry soil-aggregate stability:Energy-based index1[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1982, 46(6):1274.
[25]
FRYREAR D W. A field dust sampler[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1986, 41(2):117.
[26]
POTTER K N. Estimating wind-erodible materials on newly crusted soils[J]. Soil Science, 1990, 150(5):771.
[27]
ZOBECK T M. Soil properties affecting wind erosion[J]. Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, 1991, 46(2):112.
[28]
ZOBECK T M, POPHAM T W. Influence of microrelief, aggregate size, and precipitation on soil crust properties[J]. Transactions of the Asae, 1992, 35(2):487.
[29]
O'NEILL A L. Reflectance spectra of microphytic soil crusts in semi-arid Australia[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1994, 15(3):675.
[30]
哈斯. 坝上高原土壤不可蚀性颗粒与耕作方式对风蚀的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 1994, 14(4):92. HA Si. Effects of unerodable soil particles and tillage way on wind erosion on Bashang Highland.[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 1994, 14(4):92.
[31]
LEYS J, KOEN T, MCTAINSH G. The effect of dry aggregation and percentage clay on sediment flux as measured by a portable field wind tunnel[J]. Soil Research, 1996, 34(6):849.
[32]
刘连友, 王建华, 李小雁, 等. 耕作土壤可蚀性颗粒的风洞模拟测定[J]. 科学通报, 1998, 43(15):1663. LIU Lianyou, WANG Jianhua, LI Xiaoyan, et al. Wind tunnel simulation of erodible particles in cultivated soil[J] Chinese Science Bulletin, 1998, 43(15):1663.
[33]
董治宝, 李振山. 风成沙粒度特征对其风蚀可蚀性的影响[J]. 土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报, 1998, 4(4):1. DONG Zhibao, LI Zhenshan. Wind erodibility of aeolian sand as influenced by grain-size parameters[J]. Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation, 1998, 4(4):1.
[34]
ZOBECK T M, POPHAM T W, SKIDMORE E L, et al. Aggregate-mean diameter and wind-erodible soil predictions using dry aggregate-size distributions[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2003, 67(2):425.
[35]
ELDRIDGE D J, LEYS J F. Exploring some relationships between biological soil crusts, soil aggregation and wind erosion[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2003, 53(4):457.
[36]
GOOSSENS D. Effect of soil crusting on the emission and transport of wind-eroded sediment:Field measurements on loamy sandy soil[J]. Geomorphology, 2004, 58(1-4):145.
[37]
WIGGS G F S, BAIRD A J, ATHERTON R J. The dynamic effects of moisture on the entrainment and transport of sand by wind[J]. Geomorphology, 2004, 59(1-4):13.
[38]
NEUMAN M K, MAXWELL C, RUTLEDGE C. Spatial and temporal analysis of crust deterioration under particle impact[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2005, 60(2):321.
[39]
李晓佳, 海春兴, 刘广通. 阴山北麓不同用地方式下春季土壤可蚀性研究[J]. 干旱区地理, 2007(6):926. LI Xiaojia, HAI Chunxing, LIU Guangtong. Spring soil erodibility for different land use patterns in the north piedmont of the Yinshan Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2007(6):926.
[40]
STOUT J E. Simultaneous observations of the critical aeolian threshold of two surfaces[J]. Geomorphology, 2007, 85(1/2):3.
[41]
CHAPPELL A, VAN Pelt S, ZOBECK TM, et al. Estimating aerodynamic resistance of rough surfaces using angular reflectance[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2010, 114(7):1462.
[42]
ZAMANI S, MAHMOODABADI M. Effect of particle-size distribution on wind erosion rate and soil erodibility[J]. Archives of Agronomy & Soil Science, 2013, 59(12):1743.
[43]
杜宇佳,高广磊,陈丽华,等. 土壤微生物膜对风沙土固沙保水特性的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2020, 36(17):98. DU Yujia, GAO Guannglei, CHEN Lihua, et al. Effects of soil microbial films on sand fixation and water retention characteristics of aeolian soils[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2020, 36(17):98.
[44]
JARRAH M, MAYEL S, TATARKO J, et al. A review of wind erosion models:Data requirements, processes, and validity[J]. Catena, 2020, 187:104388.
[45]
WOODRUFF NP, SIDDOWAY FH. A wind erosion equation[M]. Madison, Wisconsin:Soil Science Society of American Proceeding, 1965, 29:602.
[46]
HAGEN L J. A wind erosion prediction system to meet users need[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1991, 46:106
[47]
巩国丽, 刘纪远, 邵全琴. 基于RWEQ的20世纪90年代以来内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土壤风蚀研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(6):825. GONG Guoli, LIU Jiyuan, SHAO Quanqin. Wind erosion in Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia since the 1990s using the Revised Wind Erosion Equation[J]. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(6):825.
[48]
BÖHNER J, SCHÄFER W, CONARD O, et al. The WEELS model:Methods, results, and limitations[J]. Catena, 2003, 52(3):289.
[49]
Van PELT R S, ZOBECK T M, POTTER K N, et al. Validation of the wind erosion stochastic simulator (WESS) and the revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) for single events[J]. Environmental Modeling & Software, 2004, 19(2):191.
[50]
TATARKO J, SPORCIC M A, SKIDMORE E L. A history of wind erosion prediction models in the United States Department of Agriculture prior to the wind erosion prediction system[J]. Aeolian Research, 2013, 10:3.
[51]
PANEBIANCO J E, BUSCHIAZZO D E, ZOBECK T M. Comparison of different mass transport calculation methods for wind erosion quantification purposes[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2010, 35(13):1548.
[52]
ZOU Xueyong, ZHANG Chunlai, CHENG Hong, et al. Cogitation on developing a dynamic model of soil wind erosion[J]. Science China:Earth Science, 2015, 58:462.
[53]
LI Pengfei, MU Xingmin, HOLDEN J, et al. Comparison of soil erosion models used to study the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2017, 170:17.
[54]
WEBB N P, STRONG C L. Soil erodibility dynamics and its representation for wind erosion and dust emission models[J]. Aeolian Research, 2011, 3(2):165.
[55]
HARRISON-KIRK T, BEARE M H, MEENKEN E D, et al. Soil organic matter and texture affect responses to dry/wet cycles:Effects on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2013, 57:43.
[56]
GHERBOUDI I, BEEGUM S N, MARTICORENA B, et al. Dust emission parameterization scheme over the MENA region:Sensitivity analysis to soil moisture and soil texture[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2015, 120(20):10915.
[57]
崔凯, 谌文武, 匡静, 等. 干湿交替与盐渍双重作用下干旱和半干旱地区土遗址劣化效应[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 43(6):2378. CUI Kai, CHEN Wenwu, KUANG Jing, et al. Effect of deterioration of earthern ruin with joint function of salinized and alternating wet and dry in arid andsemi-arid regions[J]. Journal of Central South University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2012, 43(6):2378.
[58]
HANCOCK G R, OVERNDEN M, SHARMA K, et al. Soil erosion:The impact of grazing and regrowth trees[J]. Geoderma, 2020(361):114102.
[59]
HAN L, TSUNEKAWA A, TSUBO M. Effect of frozen ground on dust outbreaks in spring on the eastern Mongolian Plateau[J]. Geomorphology, 2011, 129:412.
[60]
孙宝洋, 李占斌, 肖俊波, 等. 冻融作用对土壤理化性质及风水蚀影响研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(1):337. SUN Baoyang, LI Zhanbin, XIAO Junbo, et al. Research progress on the effects of freeze-thaw on soil physical and chemical properties and wind and water erosion[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019, 30(1):337.
[61]
LI Xiaolan, ZHANG Hongsheng. Seasonal variations in dust concentration and dust emission observed over Horqin Sandy Land area in China from December 2010 to November 2011[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012(61):56.
[62]
张琳琳, 丁国栋, 肖萌, 等. 干草原区车辆碾压对土壤理化性质的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 2013, 27(12):81. ZHANG Linlin, DING Guodong, XIAO Meng, et al. The influence of vehicles rolling on physical and chemical properties of soil in steppes[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2013, 27(12):81.
[63]
孙世贤, 丁勇, 李夏子, 等. 放牧强度季节调控对荒漠草原土壤风蚀的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2020, 29(7):23. SUN Shixian, DING Yong, LI Xiazi, et al. Effects of seasonal regulation of grazing intensity on soil erosion in desert steppe grassland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2020, 29(7):23.
[64]
AUBAULT H, WEBB N, STRONG C, et al. Grazing impacts on the susceptibility of rangelands to wind erosion:The effects of stocking rate, stocking strategy and land condition[J]. Aeolian Research, 2015(17):89.
[65]
GUO Zhongling, CHANG Chunping, WANG Rende, et al. Comparison of different methods to determine wind-erodible fraction of soil with rock fragments under different tillage/management[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2017(168):42.
[66]
KLIK A, ROSNER J. Long-term experience with conservation tillage practices in Austria:Impacts on soil erosion processes[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2020(203):104669.