Fine-root morphological variation and below-ground competition of an apple-peanut intercropping system
SUN Yubo, BI Huaxing, DUAN Hangqi, PENG Ruidong, WANG Jingjing
1. School of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
2. Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
3. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
4. Forestry Ecological Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
5. Ji County Station, Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network, 100083, Beijing, China;
6. Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, 102206, Beijing, China
Abstract：[Background] Apple-peanut intercropping system is one of the major agroforestry systems on the Loess Plateau of China. However, the extensive management practices for apple-peanut intercropping system leads to intense competition among species for below-ground resources, which results in low overall economic efficiency. To alleviate the interspecific below-ground competition of apple-peanut intercropping system, a scientific basis and technical support for management practices should be investigated.[Methods] A stratified excavation method was performed both to explore the variation of fine-root morphological variation and to quantify the interspecific below-ground competition status of apple-peanut intercropping system and monocropping systems. Among them, the apple trees were planted for 7 years, and the planting densities of apple trees and peanuts were 500 and 83 333 plants/hm2, respectively. Peanut was cultivated at a distance of 0.5 m from the apple tree row. The area within 0.5 m of the apple tree row was used for fine-root sampling (4.0 m×4.0 m) in both the apple-peanut intercropping system and monocropped apple treatments. Three sections (4.0 m×0.4 m) were randomly selected as the fine-root sampling area in the monocropped peanut treatment. Fine-root dry weight was measured by sampling, while fine-root biomass density, fine-root vertical barycenter and below-ground interspecific competition intensity index were calculated.[Results] 1) The fine roots of apple trees were mainly distributed within 1.7 m from the apple tree row. The farther the section was to the apple tree row, the less the fine-root mass density of the apple trees, while the more the fine-root mass density of the intercropped peanut. The fine-root mass density of both apple trees and intercropped peanut of the northern apple tree row was greater than that of the southern, and the fine-root biomass density of the intercropped apple trees and intercropped peanut were less than that of the monocropping systems. 2) The fine roots of apple trees concentrated mostly within the soil depths of 0-60 cm, and those of apple trees and peanut were distributed mostly within the 20-40 cm and 0-20 cm soil depth, respectively. Compared with that in the monocropping systems, the fine-root mass density of the intercropped apple trees and peanut decreased in each soil layer. 3) Compared with that of the monocropping systems, the fine-root vertical barycenter of the intercropped apple trees displaced deeper soil, and the fine-root vertical barycenter of the peanut displaced shallower soil; the fine-root vertical barycenter of both apple trees and peanut displaced deeper soil with distance from the apple tree row. 4) The components of the apple-peanut intercropping system competed for soil water and nutrients at distances 0.5-2.5 m from the apple tree row. The interspecific below-ground competition intensity was slightly greater in the south of a apple tree row than the north of a row. The interspecific below-ground competition index of the apple-peanut intercropping system in the 0.5-1.7 m area of apple trees was greater than 0.53, which was the main area of interspecific below-ground competition. And a relatively greater intensity of below-ground interspecific competition in the apple-peanut intercropping system for soil water and nutrients occurred within distances of 0.5-1.7 m from the apple tree row.[Conclusions] To effectively alleviate the below-ground interspecific competition in apple-peanut intercropping system and obtain more production, farmers should appropriately increase the distance between peanut and apple tree rows. Peanut should be planted in areas at distances of 1.7 m away from apple tree rows. Furthermore, farmers should also increase water and fertilizer input within the 0-20 cm soil layer in intercropping area. Irrigation and fertilization can be appropriately increased with the distance from the apple tree row; in addition, input in the south side of an apple tree row should be slightly greater than those in the north side of the row.
单宏年. 农林复合经营的生态效益研究[J]. 现代农业科技, 2008(6):203. SHAN Hongnian. Study on ecological benefits of agroforestry management[J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2008(6):203.
[2]
孟平, 张劲松, 樊巍. 中国复合农林业研究[M]. 北京:中国林业出版社, 2003:26. MENG Ping, ZHANG Jinsong, FAN Wei. Research on agroforestry in china[M]. Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House, 2003:26.
[3]
GEORGE S J, KUMAR B M, WAHID P A, et al. Root competition for phosphorus between the tree and herbaceous components of silvopastoral systems in Kerala, India[J]. Plant Soil, 1996, 179(2):189.
[4]
CANNELL M G R, NOORDWIJK M V, ONG C K. The central agroforestry hypothesis:The tree must acquire resources that the crop would not otherwise acquire[J]. Agroforestry Systems, 1996, 34(1):27.
[5]
ONG C K, CORLETT J E, SINGH R P. Above and below ground interaction in agroforestry systems[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1991, 45(1):45.
[6]
ANDERSON L S, SINCLAIR F L. Ecological interactions in agroforestry systems[J]. Agroforestry Abstracts, 1993, 6(2):57.
[7]
HUXLEY P, PINNEY A, AKUNDA E, et al. A tree/crop interface orientation experiment with a Grevillea robusta, hedgerow and maize[J]. Agroforestry Systems, 1994, 26(1):23.
[8]
GAO Lubo, XU Huasen, BI Huaxing, et al. Intercropping competition between apple trees and crops in agroforestry systems on the Loess Plateau of China[J]. PloS ONE, 2013, 8(7):e70739.
[9]
KOWALCHUK T E, JONG E. Shelterbelts and their effect on crop yield[J]. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 1995, 75(4):543.
[10]
MCINTYRE B D, RIHA S J, ONG C K. Competition for water in a hedge-intercrop system[J]. Field Crops Research, 1997, 52(1):151.
[11]
SMITH D M, JACKSON N A, ROBERTS J M, et al. Root distributions in a Grevillea robusta-maize agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya[J]. Plant Soil, 1999, 211(2):191.
[12]
ZAMORA D S, JOSE S, NAIR P K R. Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alley cropping system in the southern United States[J]. Agroforestry Systems, 2007, 69(2):107.
[13]
LIVESLEY S J, GREGORY P J, BURESH R J. Competition in tree row agroforestry systems. 1. Distribution and dynamics of fine roots length and biomass[J]. Plant Soil, 2000, 227(1/2):149.
[14]
XU Huasen, BI Huaxing, XI Weimin, et al. Root distribution variation of crops under walnut-based intercropping systems in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 51(4):773.
[15]
MULIA R, DUPRAZ C. Unusual fine root distributions of two deciduous tree species in southern France:What consequences for modelling of tree root dynamics?[J]. Plant Soil, 2006, 281(1/2):71.
[16]
ZHANG W, AHANBIEKE P, WANG B J, et al. Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system[J]. Agroforestry Systems, 2013, 87(4):929.
[17]
HINSINGER P, BENGOUGH A G, VETTERLEIN D, et al. Rhizosphere:Biophysics, biogeochemistry and ecological relevance[J]. Plant Soil, 2009, 321(1/2):117-152.
[18]
CAHILL J F, MCNICKLE G G, HAAG J J, et al. Plants integrate information about nutrients and neighbors[J]. Science, 2010, 328(5986):1657.
[19]
丁怡飞, 曹永庆, 姚小华, 等. 油茶-鼠茅草复合系统细根空间分布及地下竞争[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018, 37(4):981. DING Yifei, CAO Yongqing, YAO Xiaohua, et al. Spatial distribution of fine roots and underground competition in Camellia oleifera-Vulpia myuros intercropping system[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2018, 37(4):981.
[20]
MCINTYRE B D, RIHA S J, Ong C K. Light interception and evapotranspiration in hedgerow agroforestry systems[J]. Agricultural & Forest Meteorology, 1996, 81(1/2):31.
[21]
胡正华, 于明坚. 古田山青冈林优势种群生态位特征[J]. 生态学杂志, 2005, 24(10):1159. HU Zhenghua, YU Mingjian. Niche characteristics of dominant populations in Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest in Gutian Mountain[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 24(10):1159.
[22]
朱清科, 朱金兆. 黄土塬面农林复合系统的生态位特征[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2003, 1(1):49. ZHU Qingke, ZHU Jinzhao. Study on niche of agroforestry systems in the Loess Plateau[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2003, 1(1):49.
[23]
许华森, 云雷, 毕华兴, 等. 核桃-大豆间作系统细根分布及地下竞争[J]. 生态学杂志, 2012, 31(7):1612. XU Huasen, YUN Lei, BI Huaxing, et al. Fine root distribution and underground competition in walnut-soybean intercropping system[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2012, 31(7):1612.
[24]
王婷, 马亮, 马英杰. 干旱区枣棉复合系统细根空间分布特征及种间地下竞争关系[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 45(1):54. WANG Ting, MA Liang, MA Yingjie. Spatial distribution characteristics of fine root and underground competition relationship of composite system of jujube and cotton in arid area[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University(Nat. Sci. Ed.), 2017, 45(1):54.
[25]
PIANKA E R. The structure of lizard communities[J]. Annual Review of Ecology Systematics, 1973, 4(1):53.
[26]
杨效文,马继盛. 生态位有关术语的定义及计算公式评述[J]. 生态学杂志, 1992, 11(2):44. YANG Xiaowen, MA Jisheng. A review on some terms related to niche and their measurements[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 1992, 11(2):44.
[27]
EASTHAM J, ROSE C W. Tree/pasture interactions at a range of tree densities in an agroforestry experiment. 1. Rooting patterns[J]. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1990, 41(4):683.
[28]
云雷, 毕华兴, 任怡, 等. 黄土区果农复合系统种间水分关系研究[J]. 水土保持通报, 2008, 28(6):110. YUN Lei,BI Huaxing,REN Yi, et al. Research on soil moisture relations among types of agroforestry system in the loess region[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 28(6):110.
[29]
XU Huasen, BI Huanxing, GAO Lubo, et al. Distribution and morphological variation of fine root in a walnut-soybean intercropping system in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2013, 15(5):998.
[30]
WANVESTRAUT R H, JOSE S, NAIR P K R, et al. Competition for water in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States[J]. Agroforestry Systems, 2004(60):167.
[31]
樊巍, 卢琦. 高喜荣.果农复合系统根系分布格局与生长动态研究[J]. 生态学报, 1999, 19(6):860. FAN Wei, LU Qi, GAO Xirong. Distribution pattern and growing dynamics of the roots system in apple-wheat intercropping system[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1999, 19(6):860.
[32]
SIMONE R, ONG C K. Spatial distribution of root length density and soil water of linear agroforestry systems in sub-humid Kenya:Implications for agroforestry models[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 188(1):77.
[33]
PERSSON H, FIRCHS Y V, MAIDI H, et al. Root distribution in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand subjected to drought and ammonium-sulphate application[J]. Plant and Soil, 1995, 169(1):161.
[34]
刘兴宇, 曾德慧. 农林复合系统种间关系研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志, 2007, 26(9):1464. LIU Xingyu, ZENG Dehui. Research advances in interspecific interactions in agroforestry system[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(9):1464.
[35]
HANSKI L. Some comments on the measurement of niche metrics[J]. Ecology, 1978, 59(1):168.
2019, Vol. 17 
