[1] Aoyama H,Shirato H,Tago M,et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA,2006,295:2483-2491. [2] Kim JE,Lee DH,Choi Y,et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a first-line therapy for never-smokers with adenocarcinoma of the lung having asymptomatic synchronous brain metastasis. Lung Cancer,2009,65:351-354. [3] Porta R,Sanchez-Torres JM,Paz-Ares L,et al. Brain metastases from lung cancer responding to erlotinib: the importance of EGFR mutation. Eur Respir J,2011,37:624-631. [4] Broniscer A,Panetta JC,O′Shaughnessy M,et al. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and its active metabolite OSI-420. Clin Cancer Res,2007,13:1511-1515. [5] Togashi Y,Masago K,Fukudo M,et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of erlotinib and its active metabolite OSI-420 in patients with central nervous system metastases of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol,2010,5:950-955. [6] O′Connor MM,Mayberg MR. Effects of radiation on cerebral vasculature: a review. Neurosurgery,2000,46:138-149,150-151. [7] Wang M,Etu J,Joshi S. Enhanced disruption of the blood brain barrier by intracarotid mannitol injection during transient cerebral hypoperfusion in rabbits. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol,2007,19:249-256. [8] Chinnaiyan P,Huang S,Vallabhaneni G,et al. Mechanisms of enhanced radiation response following epidermal growth factor receptor signaling inhibition by erlotinib(Tarceva). Cancer Res,2005,65:3328-3335. [9] Zhuang HQ,Sun J,Yuan ZY,et al. Radiosensitizing effects of gefitinib at different administration times in vitro. Cancer Sci,2009,100:1520-1525. [10] Bianco C,Tortora G,Bianco R,et al. Enhancement of antitumor activity of ionizing radiation by combined treatment with the selective epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839(Iressa). Clin Cancer Res,2002,8:3250-3258. [11] Shintani S,Li C,Mihara M,et al. Gefitinib(′Iressa′,ZD1839),an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,up-regulates p27KIP1 and induces G1 arrest in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Oral Oncol,2004,40:43-51. [12] Prados MD,Chang SM,Butowski N,et al. Phase Ⅱ study of erlotinib plus temozolomide during and after radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme or gliosarcoma. J Clin Oncol,2009,27:579-584. [13] Raizer JJ,Abrey LE,Lassman AB,et al. A phase Ⅰ trial of erlotinib in patients with nonprogressive glioblastoma multiforme postradiation therapy,and recurrent malignant gliomas and meningiomas. Neuro Oncol,2010,12:87-94. [14] Halatsch ME,Low S,Mursch K,et al. Candidate genes for sensitivity and resistance of human glioblastoma multiforme cell lines to erlotinib. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg,2009,111:211-218. [15] Lind JS,Lagerwaard FJ,Smit EF,et al. Phase Ⅰ study of concurrent whole brain radiotherapy and erlotinib for multiple brain metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,2009,74:1391-1396. [16] Olmez I,Donahue BR,Butler JS,et al. Clinical outcomes in extracranial tumor sites and unusual toxicities with concurrent whole brain radiation(WBRT) and Erlotinib treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) with brain metastasis. Lung Cancer,2010,70:174-179. [17] Welsh J,Amini A,Kim ES,et al. Phase Ⅱ study of erlotinib with concurrent whole-brain radiation therapy for patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. 2011 ASCO annual meeting,Chicago,USA,2011.Alexandria: ASCO,2011. [18] Yung TK,Chan KC,Mok TS,et al. Single-molecule detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in plasma by microfluidics digital PCR in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res,2009,15:2076-2084. [19] Italiano A,Vandenbos FB,Otto J,et al. Comparison of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene and protein in primary non-small-cell-lung cancer and metastatic sites: implications for treatment with EGFR-inhibitors. Ann Oncol,2006,17:981-985. [20] Schmid K,Oehl N,Wrba F,et al. EGFR/KRAS/BRAF mutations in primary lung adenocarcinomas and corresponding locoregional lymph node metastases. Clin Cancer Res,2009,15:4554-4560. [21] Gow CH,Chang YL,Hsu YC,et al. Comparison of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations between primary and corresponding metastatic tumors in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-naive non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol,2009,20:696-702. [22] Miller VA,Gerold B,Dancey J. Testing for biomarker driven therapy.13th world conference on lung cancer,San Francisco,USA,2009. Vancouver:IASLC,2009. [23] Das AK,Sato M,Story MD,et al. Non-small-cell lung cancers with kinase domain mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor are sensitive to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res,2006,66:9601-9608. [24] Fonkalsrud EW,Sanchez M,Zerubavel R,et al. Serial changes in arterial structure following radiation therapy. Surg Gynecol Obstet,1977,145:395-400.