Abstract: 【 Purpose/significance】 Benign data interoperability can break data silos and lower market entry barriers, playing an impor⁃ tant positive role in promoting data circulation, benign competition and innovation in the digital economy. By exploring the implemen⁃ tation dilemma of data interoperability and beneficial experiences from other fields, we aim to explore an implementation path suitable for China.【 Method/process】 First, we analyze the implementation dilemma of data interoperability from a non-cooperative game per⁃ spective, and then turn to cooperative game theory. Taking the EU Data Act as a key sample, we study the differences in costs and ben⁃ efits of different schemes to reveal the optimal solution for implementing data interoperability.【 Results/conclusions】 In promoting the macro institutional design of data interoperability in China, we should adhere to the principle of maximizing the interests of partici⁃ pants, formulate binding agreements, especially in standardization rules and data investment incentive guarantees, and establish a par⁃ allel model of industry self-discipline and national supervision. 【Innovation/limitation】 By applying game theory, based on the ex⁃ ample from EU Data Law, and combining with quantitative analysis results, this study explores a better path for implementing data in⁃ teroperability. However, since the evaluation of the Data Act is based on the EU′s practical situation, the empirical analysis of China′s data interoperability rules still needs to be carried out in combination with relevant actual data.