This study examined effects of vegetation restoration on the plant diversity and community composition in the abandoned farmland ecosystem of Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone. The results are shown as follows. 1) There were totally 42 plant species, 42 genera and 22 families in the farmland ecosystem. For the natural regeneration community (NRC), 20 genera and 10 families were found; while for the artificial regeneration community (ARC), 34 genera and 19 families were found. 2) The numbers of families, genera, species and coverage were higher in the ARC than in the NRC, but the differences were not statistically significant. The plant species abundance and diversity between two communities were not statistically significant but had an increasing trend for both ARC and NRC. 3) The species similarity coefficient between two communities was 0.44. Twelve common plant species that were dominated by annual herbaceous species coexisted in both communities. 4) Results of detrendedcorrespondence analysis (DCA) showed obvious grads from NRC to ARC. Since perennial herbaceous, perennial herbaceous vine and shrub species (Rubus idaeus) were found in the ARC. Our study suggests that planting tree species would mitigate the loss rate of abandoned farmland biodiversity under the urbanization process.