Abstract:[Background] Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, and there are only two seasons, rainy season and dry season. In rainy season, concentrated and heavy rainfall increases a great probability of soil erosion. As the main type of arable fields, sloping farmland is regarded as the key cultivated land type for soil and water loss. The contour reverse-slope terrace (CRT) increases soil water storage, root exudation, enzyme activities and reduces soil surface runoff and moisture loss, erosion and degradation, which improves the soil environment through changes of runoff and sediment yield, has been well documented, but the reasons remain unclear. In this study, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms of soil structure improvement and ecological remediation with the CRT in sloping farmland. [Methods] A field location experiment was conducted in the watershed of Yizhe in Songhua dam in Yunnan with two measures: Above and below the terrace in CK sloping farmland (CK-A, CK-B), above and below the terrace in CRT sloping farmland (CRT-A, CRT-B). The composition and stability were analyzed by measuring 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil mechanical-stable aggregates, physical property and constructed minimum data set to evaluate soil structure. In order to evaluate the effect of CRT on soil structure improvement in sloping farmland, a soil structure evaluation index system based on aggregates properties was constructed. [Results] 1) CRT measures improved the soil pore status, aggregates composition characteristics and stability significantly. 2) Six indicators including soil bulk density, soil porosity, geometric mean diameter (GMD), stable aggregates (R0.25), total aggregates (At) and >2-5 mm soil aggregates were identified as the main indicators for soil structure evaluation in the minimum data set. The verification of total data set suggested that the minimum data set reflected the effective information and accuracy evaluation for soil structure. 3) The soil structure index in CRT, compared with CK, ranging from 0.26 to 0.58, increased by 23.1% and 36.2%, indicating that soil structure was on the middle level; meanwhile, below the terrace in CRT, soil structure index in the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm soil layer increased by 25.2%, 27.3% and 25.7% compared with that in CK, respectively. It is mainly due to the erosion protection from both the upper and lower steps. [Conclusions] The CRT measures promotes soil structure via increasing the proportion of soil total aggregates and soil porosity, improving soil structure and therefore is the optimal ecological restoration measure of degraded soil ecosystem in sloping farmland. The soil structure evaluation method based on the minimum data set is applicable in this area of research and can represent the soil structure performance of sloping farmland with CRT measures accurately.
李奇奇, 徐其静, 侯磊, 王润柳, 王克勤. 基于团聚体性质的等高反坡阶改良土壤结构评价[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2024, 22(4): 93-101.
LI Qiqi, XU Qijing, HOU Lei, WANG Runliu, WANG Keqin. Structure evaluation of the improved soil with contour reverse-slope terrace based on soil aggregates property. SSWC, 2024, 22(4): 93-101.
PENG X, YAN X, ZHOU H, et al. Assessing the contributions of sesquioxides and soil organic matter to aggregation in an Ultisol under long-term fertilization [J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2015, 146: 89.
[2]
TUO Dengfeng, XU Mingxiang, GAO Guangyao. Relative contributions of wind and water erosion to total soil loss and its effect on soil properties in sloping croplands of the Chinese Loess Plateau [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 633: 1032.
[3]
闫腾云, 王克勤, 赵洋毅, 等. 等高反坡台阶整地对坡耕地农田耗水及水量平衡的影响 [J]. 水土保持研究, 2020, 27(4): 93. YAN Tengyun, WANG Keqin, ZHAO Yangyi, et al. Effect of contour reversed terrace preparation on water consumption and water balance in the sloping farmland [J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, 27(4): 93.
[4]
郭天雷, 胡雪琴, 黄先智, 等. 紫色丘陵区坡耕地生物埂土壤结构特征及其对入渗的影响 [J]. 水土保持学报, 2015, 29(1): 36. GUO Tianlei, HU Xueqin, HUANG Xianzhi, et al. Soil structural characteristics and its effect on infiltration on sloping farmland bio-bank in Purple Hilly Area [J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 29(1): 36.
[5]
陈仕林, 胡钧铭, 黄忠华, 等. 粉垄耕作对平地和坡耕地蔗田土壤有机碳矿化和结构的影响 [J]. 中国农业气象, 2020, 41(5): 299. CHEN Shilin, HU Junming, HUANG Zhonghua, et al. Effects of smash ridging on soil organic carbon mineralization and structure of sugarcane field in flat and slope farmland [J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2020, 41(5): 299.
[6]
曹鸿景, 王克勤, 冯晓月. 松华坝水源区等高反坡阶对坡耕地土壤氮含量的影响 [J]. 西南林业大学学报(自然科学), 2017, 37(5): 130. CAO Hongjing, WANG Keqin, FENG Xiaoyue. Effect of reverse-slope level terrace on the nitrogen contents of sloping farmland in Songhuaba reservoir [J]. Journal of Southwest Forestry University (Natural Sciences), 2017, 37(5): 130.
[7]
SIX J, BOSSUYT H, DEGRYZE S, et al. A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics [J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2004, 79: 7.
[8]
金慧芳, 史东梅, 陈正发, 等. 基于聚类及PCA分析的红壤坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价指标 [J]. 农业工程学报, 2018, 34(7): 155. Jin Huifang, Shi Dongmei, Chen Zhengfa, et al. Evaluation indicators of cultivated layer soil quality for red soil slope farmland based on cluster and PCA analysis [J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2018, 34(7): 155.
[9]
CARROLL C R, ANDREWS S S. Designing a soil quality assessment tool for sustainable agroecosystem management [J]. Ecological Applications, 2001, 11(6): 1573.
[10]
王丽, 李军, 李娟. 轮耕与施肥对渭北旱作玉米田土壤团聚体和有机碳含量的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(3):759. WANG Li, LI Jun, LI Juan. Effects of tillage rotation and fertilization on soil aggregates and organic carbon content in corn field in Weibei Highland [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(3): 759.
[11]
张宇恒, 王忠诚, 王亚楠, 等. 基于最小数据集沂蒙山区不同治理模式下的土壤质量评价 [J]. 水土保持研究, 2023, 30(1): 241. ZHANG Yuheng, WANG Zhongcheng, WANG Ya'nan, et al. Soil quality evaluation with different treatment models in Yimeng Mountainous Area based on minimum data set [J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2023, 30(1): 241.
[12]
张汪寿, 李晓秀, 黄文江, 等. 不同土地利用条件下土壤质量综合评价方法 [J]. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(12): 311. ZHANG Wangshou, LI Xiaoxiu, HUANG Wenjiang, et al. Comprehensive assessment methodology of soil quality under different land use conditions [J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010, 26(12): 311.
[13]
刘超南, 王恩姮, 陈祥伟, 等. 东北典型黑土区农田土壤结构变化区域特征分析 [J/OL]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版).https://link.cnki.net/urlid/32.1161.S.20231114.1643.004. LIU Chaonan, WANG Enheng, CHEN Xiangwei, et al. The variation characteristics of soil structure in different farmlands across the typical black soil region in Northeast China[J/OL]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition).https://link.cnki.net/urlid/32.1161.S.20231114.1643.004.
[14]
郭罗迪. 不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳、土壤结构 及蓄水性能和作物生长的影响 [D]. 陕西杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2023:40. GUO Luodi. Effects of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon, soil structure, water storage performance and crop growth [D]. Yangling, Shaanxi: Northwest A&F University, 2023:40.
[15]
刘晓微, 赵洋毅, 王克勤, 等. 坡耕地等高反坡阶整地年限对土壤改良和玉米产量的影响 [J]. 水土保持学报, 2022, 36(1): 307. LIU Xiaowei, ZHAO Yangyi, WANG Keqin, et al. Effects of site preparation years of contour reverse-slope terrace on soil improvement and corn yield in sloping farmland [J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022, 36(1): 307.
[16]
ZHANG Baojun, ZHANG Guanghui, YANG Hanyue, et al. Soil resistance to flowing water erosion of seven typical plant communities on steep gully slopes on the Loess Plateau of China [J]. Catena, 2019, 173: 375.
[17]
秦琪珊, 郑粉莉, 师宏强, 等. 东北黑土坡面降雨和汇流对土壤团聚体流失和颗粒迁移的影响 [J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2023, 21(1): 1. QIN Qishan, ZHENG Fenli, SHI Hongqiang, et al. Impacts of slope rainfall and inflow in Mollisol region of Northeast China on the soil aggregate loss and particle transport [J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2023, 21(1): 1.
[18]
白怡婧, 刘彦伶, 李渝, 等. 长期不同施肥和耕作对坡耕地黄壤团聚体组成及有机碳的影响 [J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2021, 19(2): 52. BAI Yijing, LIU Yanling, LI Yu, et al. Effect of long-term different tillage and fertilization measures on aggregates composition and organic carbon in yellow soil slope cultivated land [J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2021, 19(2): 52.
[19]
DOU Yanxing, YANG Yang, AN Shaoshan, et al. Effects of different vegetation restoration measures on soil aggregate stability and erodibility on the Loess Plateau, China [J]. Catena, 2020, 185: 104294.
[20]
宋松松, 胡斐南, 刘婧芳, 等. 土壤内外力共同作用下溅蚀团聚体粒径分布及迁移特征 [J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2022, 20(3): 17. SONG Songsong, HU Feinan, LIU Jingfang, et al. Combined effects of soil internal and external forces on the size distributions and movement characteristics of splashed soil fragments [J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2022, 20(3): 17.
[21]
PIRMORADIAN N, SEPASKHAH A R, HAJABBASI M A. Application of fractal theory to quantify soil aggregate stability as influenced by tillage treatments [J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2005, 90: 227.
[22]
张洋, 王克勤, 赵洋毅, 等. 等高反坡阶对玉米生长及光合特性的影响 [J]. 水土保持通报, 2020, 40(6): 71. ZHANG Yang, WANG Keqin, ZHAO Yangyi, et al. Effects of contour reverse-slope terrace on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of maize [J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, 40(6): 71.
[23]
范家伟, 朱广宇, 上官周平, 等. 黄土丘陵区刺槐林土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤可蚀性动态变化 [J]. 水土保持学报, 2023, 37(3): 1. FAN Jiawei, ZHU Guangyu, SHANGGUAN Zhouping, et al. Dynamics changes of soil aggregate stability and soil erodibility of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in hilly region of the Loess Plateau [J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2023, 37(3): 1.