Wind erosion characteristics on windward slopes affected by water erosion in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau
YIN Minfeng1, DI Mingting2, DENG Xinxin1, WANG Hanyu2, YIN Ziming2, TONG Boya2, ZHANG Jiaqiong1,3
1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; 2. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; 3. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 712100, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
Abstract:[Background] Soil erosion is severe in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau attributed to the combining effects of water and wind erosion. It is of significance to clarify the characteristics and mechanism of wind-water erosion for the scientific control of soil erosion in this region. Previous studies had focused more on the erosion of the wind erosion followed by water erosion, while the erosion of the water erosion followed by wind erosion is weak, especially the study under condition of opposite direction of wind and runoff.[Methods] This study analyzed the wind erosion characteristics affected by foregone rainfall under condition of opposite directions of wind and runoff using indoor artificial rainfall simulation and wind tunnel experiments. The rainfall experiments were set up with two rainfall intensities (60 and 120 mm/h) and three rainfall slopes (5°,10° and 15°), and the wind tunnel experiments were set up with three wind speeds (9,12 and 15 m/s), which were all conducted after the rainfall, and an additional experiment without rainfall and only blowing wind was set up as a control. Then wind erosion rates influenced by forgone water erosion were analyzed, and the proportion of wind erosion in total wind-water erosion were compared with erosion rates caused by wind only.[Results] 1) Water erosion significantly inhibited consequent wind erosion (P<0.01). Compared to wind erosion only, the wind erosion rates at 9, 12 and 15 m/s averagely decreased by 90.8%, 94.3% and 95.8%, respectively, impacting by earlier water erosion. 2) The wind erosion rates obviously affected by the earlier water erosion. The wind erosion rates were larger when rainfall intensity and slope was larger in earlier water erosion experiments for wind erosion experiments at the same wind velocity. 3) Compared to the proportion of wind erosion in the sum of water erosion and wind erosion, the proportion of wind erosion in the wind-water erosion was always lower. The decrease proportion of wind erosion in the wind-water erosion reached 52%, 65% and 68% at 9,12 and 15 m/s compared to the proportion of wind erosion in the sum of water erosion and wind erosion.[Conclusions] The primary reason for the obvious inhibition of water erosion to subsequent wind erosion is from following two aspects:one is water erosion changes the surface morphology, and the other is water erosion formed soil crust. This study illustrates the effects of water erosion on wind erosion, and the results enrich the study of wind-water erosion, which helps to formulate scientific measures in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau.
殷敏峰, 邸明婷, 邓鑫欣, 王涵宇, 尹子鸣, 童博雅, 张加琼. 黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带迎风坡水蚀影响的风蚀特征[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2022, 20(5): 39-46.
YIN Minfeng, DI Mingting, DENG Xinxin, WANG Hanyu, YIN Ziming, TONG Boya, ZHANG Jiaqiong. Wind erosion characteristics on windward slopes affected by water erosion in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. SSWC, 2022, 20(5): 39-46.
张加琼, 刘章, 杨明义, 等. 黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带坡面土壤侵蚀特征及其影响因素[J]. 水土保持研究, 2018, 25(1):1. ZHANG Jiaqiong, LIU Zhang, YANG Mingyi, et al. Soil erosion and its influence factors on a slope in the wind-water erosion crisscross region on the Losess Plateau[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 25(1):1.
[2]
FIELD J P, BRESHEARS D D, WHICKWE J J. Toward a more holistic perspective of soil erosion:Why aeolian research needs to explicitly consider fluvial processes and interactions[J]. Aeolian Research. 2009, 1(1/2):9.
[3]
WANG Shuai, FU Bojie, PIAO Shilong, et al. Reduced sediment transport in the Yellow River due to anthropogenic changes[J]. Nature Geoscience. 2016, 9(1):38.
[4]
李秋艳, 蔡强国, 方海燕. 风蚀对窟野河流域产沙贡献的时间尺度特征[J]. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(4):674. LI Qiuyan, CAI Qiangguo, FANG Haiyan. Contrition characteristics of wind erosion to the sediment yield in the Kuyehe river watershed at time scales[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2011, 26(4):674.
[5]
黄婷婷, 史扬子, 曹琦, 等. 黄土高原六道沟小流域近30年来土壤侵蚀变化评价[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2020, 18(1):8. HUANG Tingting, SHI Yangzi, CAO Qi, et al. Soil erosion evaluation of Liudaogou catchment in the Loess Plateau during the past 30 years[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, 18(1):8.
[6]
张平仓, 唐克丽. 六道沟流域有效水蚀风蚀能量及其特征研究[J]. 土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报, 1997, 3(2):32. ZHANG Pingcang, TANG Keli. Study on the effective water and wind erosion energy and its characteristics in Liudaogou small watershed[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1997, 3(2):32.
[7]
脱登峰, 许明祥, 郑世清, 等. 黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区侵蚀产沙过程及机理[J]. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23(12):3281. TUO Dengfeng, XU Mingxiang, ZHENG Shiqing, et al. Sediment-yielding process and its mechanisms of slope erosion in wind-water erosion crisscross region of Loess Plateau, Northwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2012, 23(12):3281.
[8]
宋阳, 刘连友, 严平. 风水复合侵蚀研究述评[J]. 地理学报, 2006, 61(1):77. SONG Yang, LIU Lianyou, YAN Ping. A review on complex erosion by wind and water research[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(1):77.
[9]
杨会民, 王静爱, 邹学勇, 等. 风水复合侵蚀研究进展与展望[J]. 中国沙漠, 2016, 36(4):962. YANG Huimin, WANG Jingai, ZOU Xueyong, et al. Progress and prospect of research on wind-water complex erosion[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2016, 36(4):962.
[10]
海春兴, 史培军, 刘宝元, 等. 风水两相侵蚀研究现状及我国今后风水蚀的主要研究内容[J]. 水土保持学报, 2002, 16(2):50. HAI Chunxing, SHI Peijun, LIU Baoyuan, et al. Research status of wind and water double erosion and its main study content in future[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2002, 16(2):50.
[11]
李秋艳, 蔡强国, 方海燕. 风水复合侵蚀与生态恢复研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(1):65. LI Qiuyan, CAI Qiangguo, FANG Haiyan. Advances in complex erosion of wind and water and ecological restoration[J].Progress in Geography, 2010, 29(1):65.
[12]
BRESHEARS D D, WHICKER J J, JOHANSEN M P, et al. Wind and water erosion and transport in semi-arid shrubland, grassland and forest ecosystems:Quantifying dominance of horizontal wind-driven transport[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2003, 28(11):1189.
[13]
张平仓. 水蚀风蚀交错带水风两相侵蚀时空特征研究-以神木六道沟小流域为例[D]. 陕西杨凌:中国科学院水土保持研究所, 1997. ZHANG Pingcang. Spatial and Temporal variability of erosion by water and wind in water-wind erosion crisscross region:Taking Liudaogou watershed in Jin-Shaan-Meng contiguous areas as an example[D]. Yangling, Shaanxi:Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, 1997.
[14]
TUO Dengfeng, XU Mingxiang, GAO Liqian, et al. Changed surface roughness by wind erosion accelerates water erosion[J]. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2006, 16(1):105.
[15]
TUO Dengfeng, XU Mingxiang, ZHAO Yunge, et al. Interactions between wind and water erosion change sediment yield and particle distribution under simulated conditions[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2015, 7(5):590.
[16]
ZHANG Qingyin, FAN Jun, ZHANG Xiaoping. Effects of simulated wind followed by rain on runoff and sediment yield from a sandy loessial soil with rills[J]. Journal of Soils & Sediments, 2016, 16(9):2306.
[17]
张庆印, 樊军, 张晓萍. 水蚀对风蚀影响的室内模拟试验[J]. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(2):75. ZHANG Qingyin, FAN Jun, ZHANG Xiaoping. Effects of water erosion on wind erosion in wind tunnel[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 26(2):75.
[18]
宋阳, 严平, 刘连友, 等. 威连滩冲沟砂黄土的风蚀与降雨侵蚀模拟实验[J]. 中国沙漠, 2007, 27(5):814. SONG Yang, YAN Ping, LIU Lianyou, et al. Simulated experiment of erosion by wind and rainfall on sandy Loess in Weiliantan Gully[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2007, 27(5):814.
[19]
杨会民. 半固定风沙土坡面风水复合侵蚀实验研究[D]. 北京:北京师范大学, 2017. YANG Huimin. Experimental study on the complex erosion by wind and water on slope based on semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil[D]. Beijing:Beijing Normal University, 2017.
[20]
PYE K, TSOAR H. Aeolian sand and sand dunes[M]. London, UK:Springer Science & Business Media, 2009:110.
[21]
何清, 杨兴华, 艾力·买买提明,等. 塔中地区土壤风蚀的影响因子分析[J]. 干旱区地理, 2010, 33(4):502. HE Qing, YANG Xinghua, AILI Maimaitiming, et al. Impact factors of soil wind erosion in Tazhong area[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2010, 33(4):502.
[22]
MICHAEL J S, ISAAC S. Mineral soil surface crusts and wind and water erosion[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2004, 29(9):1065.
[23]
ARGAMAN E, SINGER A, TSOAR H. Erodibility of some crust forming soils/sediments from the southern Aral Sea Basin as determined in a wind tunnel[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2006, 31(1):47.
[24]
STRONG C L. Effects of soil crusts on the erodibility of a claypan in the cannel country, South-West Queensland, Australia[D]. Brisbane:Griffith University, 2007.
[25]
BURGESS R C, MCTAINSH G H, PITBLADO J R. An index of wind erosion in Australia[J]. Australian Geographical Studies, 1989, 27(1):98.
[26]
BANUELOS-RUEDAS F, ANGEIES-CAMACHO C, RIOS-MARCUELLO S. Analysis and validation of the methodology used in the extrapolation of wind speed data at different heights[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(8):2383.