Objective To evaluate the treatment outcome and prognostic factors in patients with grade Ⅲ/IV glioma following postoperative chemoradiotherapy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 119 patients with grade Ⅲ/IV glioma who received treatment in our hospital from January 2007 to April 2012. Of the 119 patients, 49 received radiotherapy alone, 21 received radiotherapy combined with nitrosoureas, and 49 received radiotherapy combined with temozolomide. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate overall survival (OS) rates and recurrence rates. The Cox regression model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results The follow-up rate was 94.1%. Fifty-three patients were followed up for at least 1 year, and 10 for at least 2 years. The overall recurrence rate was 69.7%. The 1-and 2-year OS rates were 44.5% and 8.4%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that age, presence or absence of seizures before surgery, extent of tumor resection, and radiotherapy plus concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide were the main prognostic factors for tumor recurrence (P=0.002, 0.005, 0.000, and 0.000). The above factors and the pathological grade of tumor were the independent prognostic factors for patients′ survival (P=0.006, 0.010, 0.000, 0.000, and 0.001). Conclusions Postoperative radiotherapy plus concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide produce a good clinical effect in patients with grade Ⅲ/IV glioma. Age of<60 years, no seizures before surgery, total tumor resection, and pathological grade Ⅲ of tumor are the favorable prognostic factors for the long-term survival in patients with malignant glioma.