[an error occurred while processing this directive] | [an error occurred while processing this directive]
Application of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer
Chen Silin, Jin Jing
Department of Radiation Oncology,National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/ Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100021,China
Abstract Rectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in China. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision is the standard treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide anatomical positioning,clinical staging and evaluation of clinical efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,thereby offering support for the precise establishment of comprehensive therapeutic strategy. This study aims to summarize the current status and development trend of MRI applied in the staging of rectal cancer,evaluation and prediction of clinical efficacy.
Corresponding Authors:
Jin Jing,Email:jinjing@csco.org.cn
Cite this article:
Chen Silin,Jin Jing. Application of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology, 2018, 27(11): 1030-1034.
Chen Silin,Jin Jing. Application of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology, 2018, 27(11): 1030-1034.
[1] Chen W,Zheng R,Zeng H,et al. Annual report on status of cancer in China,2011[J].Chin J Cancer Res,2015,27(1):2-12.DOI:10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.01.06. [2] Folkesson J,Birgisson H,Pahlman L,et al. Swedish rectal cancer trial:long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate[J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(24):5644-5650.DOI:10.1200/JCO.2005.08.144. [3] Popek S,Tsikitis VL.Neoadjuvant vs. adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer:which is superior?[J].World J Gastroenterol,2011,17(7):848-854.DOI:10.3748/wjg.v17.i7.848. [4] Benson AB 3rd,Venook AP,Bekaii-Saab T,et al. Rectal cancer,version 2.2015[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2015,13(6):719-728. DOI:10.6004/jnccn.2015.0087 [5] Beets-Tan RG,Beets GL.Local staging of rectal cancer:a review of imaging[J].J Magn Reson Imaging,2011,33(5):1012-1019.DOI:10.1002/jmri.22475. [6] Gagliardi,G.S.Bayar,R.Smith,et al. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer using magnetic resonance imaging with external phase-arrayed coils. Arch Surg,2002.137(4):447-451. [7] Kulinna C,Scheidler J,Strauss T,et al. Local staging of rectal cancer:assessment with double-contrast multislice computed tomography and transrectal ultrasound[J].J Comput Assist Tomogr,2004,28(1):123-130. DOI:10.1097/00004728-200401000-00021. [8] Tatli SK,Mortele J,Breen EL,et al. Local staging of rectal cancer using combined pelvic phased-array and endorectal coil MRI[J].J Magn Reson Imaging,2006,23(4):534-540.DOI:10.1002/jmri.20533. [9] Yano H,Saito Y,Takeshita E,et al. Prediction of lateral pelvic node involvement in low rectal cancer by conventional computed tomography[J].Br J Surg,2007,94(8):1014-1019.DOI:10.1002/bjs.5665. [10] Brown G,Radcliffe AG,Newcombe RG,et al. Preoperative assessment of prognostic factors in rectal cancer using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging[J].Br J Surg,2003,90(3):355-364.DOI:10.1002/bjs.4034. [11] Jass JR,Love SB,Northover JM.A new prognostic classification of rectal cancer[J].Lancet,1987,1(8545):1303-1306. [12] Cawthorn SJ,Parums DW,Gibbs NM,et al. Extent of mesorectal spread and involvement of lateral resection margin as prognostic factors after surgery for rectal cancer[J].Lancet,1990,335(8697):1055-1059. [13] Merkel S,Mansmann U,Siassi M,et al. The prognostic inhomogeneity in pT3 rectal carcinomas[J].Int J Colorect Dis,2001,16(5):298-304.DOI:10.1007/s003840100309. [14] Extramural depth of tumor invasion at thin-section MR in patients with rectal cancer:results of the MERCURY study[J].Radiology,2007,243(1):132-139.DOI:10.1148/radiol.2431051825. [15] Shin R,Jeong SY,Yoo HY,et al. Depth of mesorectal extension has prognostic significance in patients with T3 rectal cancer[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2012,55(12):1220-1228.DOI:10.1097/DCR.0b013e31826fea6a. [16] Lino-Silva L,Loaeza-Belmont SR,Gomez-Alvarez MA,et al. Mesorectal invasion depth in rectal carcinoma is associated with low survival[J].Clin Colorect Cancer,2017,16(1):73-77.DOI:10.1016/j.clcc.2016.05.001. [17] 申丽君,童彤,张慧,等.浸润深度对T3期直肠癌患者新辅助放化疗治疗效果的预测[J].中华胃肠外科杂志,2014,17(6):551-555.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0274.2014.06.008. [18] Glimelius B,Tiret E,Cervantes A,et al. Rectal cancer:ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis,treatment and follow-up[J].Ann Oncol,2013,24 Suppl 6:81-88.DOI:10.1093/annonc/mdt240. [19] Lindsetmo RO,Joh YG,Delaney P.Surgical treatment for rectal cancer:an international perspective on what the medical gastroenterologist needs to know[J].World J Gastroenterol,2008,14(21):3281-3289.DOI:10.3748/wjg.14.3281. [20] Nagtegaal ID,Quirke P.What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer?[J].J Clin Oncol,2008,26(2):303-312.DOI:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.7027. [21] Tekkis PP,Heriot AG,Smith J,et al. Comparison of circumferential margin involvement between restorative and nonrestorative resections for rectal cancer[J].Colorect Dis,2005,7(4):369-374.DOI:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00767.x. [22] Nagtegaal ID,Marijnen CA,Kranenbarg KK,et al. Circumferential margin involvement is still an important predictor of local recurrence in rectal carcinoma:not one millimeter but two millimeters is the limit[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2002,26(3):350-357.DOI:10.1097/00000478-200203000-00009. [23] Taylor FG,Quirke P,Heald RJ,et al. One millimetre is the safe cut-off for magnetic resonance imaging prediction of surgical margin status in rectal cancer[J].Br J Surg,2011,98(6):872-879.DOI:10.1002/bjs.7458. [24] Kim SH,Lee JM,Park HS,et al. Accuracy of MRI for predicting the circumferential resection margin,mesorectal fascia invasion,and tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer[J].J Magn Reson Imaging,2009,29(5):1093-1101.DOI:10.1002/jmri.21742. [25] Frasson M,Garcia-Granero E,Roda D,et al. Preoperative chemoradiation may not always be needed for patients with T3 and T2N+ rectal cancer[J].Cancer,2011,117(14):3118-3125.DOI:10.1002/cncr.25866. [26] Taylor FG,Quirke P,Heald RJ,et al. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging assessment of circumferential resection margin predicts disease-free survival and local recurrence:5-year follow-up results of the MERCURY study[J].J Clin Oncol,2014,32(1):34-43.DOI:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.3258. [27] Kim H,Myoung S,Koom WS,et al. MRI risk stratificaion for tumor relapse in rectal cancer achieving pathological complete remission after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and curative resection[J/OL].PLoS One,2016,11(1):e0146235.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0146235. [28] Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. Swedish rectal cancer trial[J].N Engl J Med,1997,336(14):980-987. [29] Kim YW,Cha SW,Pyo J,et al. Factors related to preoperative assessment of the circumferential resection margin and the extent of mesorectal invasion by magnetic resonance imaging in rectal cancer:a prospective comparison study[J].World J Surg,2009,33(9):1952-1960.DOI:10.1007/s00268-009-0126-z. [30] Smith N,Shihab JO,Arnaout A,et al. MRI for detection of extramural vascular invasion in rectal cancer[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2008,191(5):1517-1522.DOI:10.2214/AJR.08.1298. [31] Lim SB,Yu CS,Jang SJ,et al. Prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion in sporadic colorectal cancer[J].Dis Colon Rectum,2010,53(4):377-384.DOI:10.1007/DCR.0b013e3181cf8ae5. [32] Smith N,Barbachano JY,Norman AR,et al. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging-detected extramural vascular invasion in rectal cancer[J].Br J Surg,2008,95(2):229-236.DOI:10.1002/bjs.5917. [33] Koh DM,Smith NJ,Swift RI,et al. The relationship between mr demonstration of extramural venous invasion and nodal disease in rectal cancer[J].Clin Med Oncol,2008(2):267-273.DOI:10.4137/CMO.S370. [34] Bugg WG,Andreou AK,Biswas D,et al. The prognostic significance of MRI-detected extramural venous invasion in rectal carcinoma[J].Clin Radiol,2014,69(6):619-623.DOI:10.1016/j.crad.2014.01.010. [35] Chand M,Evans J,Swift RI,et al. The prognostic significance of postchemoradiotherapy high-resolution MRI and histopathology detected extramural venous invasion in rectal cancer[J].Ann Surg,2015,261(3):473-479.DOI:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000848. [36] Dworak O,Keilholz L,Hoffmann A.Pathological features of rectal cancer after preoperative radiochemotherapy[J].Int J Colorect Dis,1997,12(1):19-23. [37] Xu L,Cai S,Xiao T,et al. Prognostic significance of tumour regression grade after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for a cohort of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer:an 8-year retrospective single-institutional study[J].Colorect Dis,2017,19(7):263-271.DOI:10.1111/codi.13757. [38] Patel U,Taylor BF,Blomqvist L,et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-detected tumor response for locally advanced rectal cancer predicts survival outcomes:MERCURY experience[J].J Clin Oncol,2011,29(28):3753-3760.DOI:10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9068. [39] Siddiqui M,Bhoday RJ,Battersby NJ,et al. Defining response to radiotherapy in rectal cancer using magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological scales[J].World J Gastroenterol,2016,22(37):8414-8434.DOI:10.3748/wjg.v22.i37.8414. [40] Park IJ,You YN,Agarwal A,et al. Neoadjuvant treatment response as an early response indicator for patients with rectal cancer[J].J Clin Oncol,2012,30(15):1770-1776.DOI:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7901. [41] Fokas E,Liersch T,Fietkau R,et al. Tumor regression grading after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma revisited:updated results of the CAO/ARO/AIO-94 trial[J].J Clin Oncol,2014,32(15):1554-1562.DOI:10.1200/JCO.2013.54.3769. [42] van der Paardt MP,Zagers MB,Beets-Tan RG,et al. Patients who undergo preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer restaged by using diagnostic MR imaging:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Radiology,2013,269(1):101-112.DOI:10.1148/radiol.13122833. [43] Ayloor-Seshadri RS,Kondaveeti S,Jayanand SB,et al. Complete clinical response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancers:can surgery be avoided?[J].Hepatogastroenterology,2013,60(123):410-414.DOI:10.5754/hge12354. [44] Lai CL,Lai ML,Wu CC,et al. Rectal cancer with complete clinical response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,surgery,or"watch and wait"[J].Int J Colorect Dis,2016,31(2):413-419.DOI:10.1007/s00384-015-2460-y. [45] Li J,Liu H,Yin J,et al. Wait-and-see or radical surgery for rectal cancer patients with a clinical complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy:a cohort study[J].Oncotarget,2015,6(39):42354-42361.DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.6093.
2018, Vol. 27 
